These findings not only provide evidence for overall emotional adaptation during the initial weeks of the pandemic, but also provide insight into overlapping, yet distinct, factors contributing to depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of the pandemic.
Finally, increasing levels of informedness correlated with decreasing levels of depression, while increased COVID-19 severity (i.e., 7-day change in cases) and social media use were positively associated with anxiety over time.
Importantly, worsening of COVID-related economic impact and increase in projected pandemic duration exacerbated both depression and anxiety over time. Being female, younger age, lower-income, and previous psychiatric diagnosis correlated with higher overall levels of anxiety and depression being married additionally correlated with lower overall levels of depression, but not anxiety. We found that depression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety. We measured depression and anxiety using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related surveys. A total of 1512 adults living in the United States enrolled in this online study beginning Apand were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4, 2020). The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using the COVID-19 pandemic as a model crisis. Crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain under-investigated.
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